Methods: The study was performed on 461 children aged 5-15 years, from 4 different regions in Guatemala. A questionnaire was given to record information regarding family history of atopic disease and symptoms of Rhinitis and Asthma. The diagnosis was made in the presence of at least 3 symptoms of each disease. Scratch testing was performed using a commercially available device and a panel of 8 allergen extracts: Cypress Arizona, Dog, Cat, Dermatophagoides farinae and pteronyssinus, Cockroach Mix, Mold Mix and Bermuda grass.
Results: Patient average age was 8.3 years, 55% male and 45% female. Patient distribution by region was 35% from Huehuetenango, 29% Chiquimula, 18% Mazatenango and 18% Quetzaltenango. Family history of Allergic Rhinitis was present in 46% of patients, Asthma in 51% and Atopic Dermatitis in 33%. The most common diagnosis was Rhinitis in 86% of patients, 52% had Asthma and 43%, both Rhinitis and Asthma. 98% had a positive Histamine Control and all a Negative Saline Control. 36% of patients had no allergy sensitization to allergens tested and 64% showed positive skin tests. The most frequent allergic sensitization was to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (44%) and farinae (43%), followed by Cockroach (28%). We also found less frequently, positive skin tests to grass (14%), Cat (14%), Mold (10%), Dog (8%) and Cypress (6%). The regions with higher dust mite sensitization were Quetzaltenango (51-55%) and Huehuetenango (45-51%).
Conclusions: The most common allergen sensitizations in children with Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma in Guatemala are dust mites and cockroach. Family history of either Rhinitis or Asthma is present in a significant amount of patients (46 – 51%) with atopic disease and allergic sensitization, showing that it is an important risk factor in Guatemala. In 36% of patients in this study, allergic sensitization does not seem to contribute to their Rhinitis and Asthma symptoms.